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The Arab Winter〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Middle East review of 2012: the Arab Winter )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Expert Warns of America's Coming 'Arab Winter' )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= The Arab Winter )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Arab Spring or Arab Winter? )〕 is a term for the rise of authoritarianism and religious extremism,〔()〕 evolving in the aftermath of the Arab Spring protests in Arab League countries. The concept was first used by the Washington Post in December 2011.〔''After the hope of the Arab Spring, the chill of an Arab Winter''. ()〕 According to scholars of the University of Warsaw, the Arab Spring fully devolved into Arab Winter four years since its onset.〔Radoslaw Fiedler, Przemyslaw Osiewicz. ''Transformation processes in Egypt after 2011''. 2015. p182.〕 The Arab Winter is characterized by the emergence of multiple regional civil wars, mounting regional instability, economic and demographic decline of Arab countries,〔 and ethno-religious sectarian strife.〔.〕 According to a study by the American University of Beirut, as of summer 2014 the Arab Winter resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees.〔.〕 The term Arab Winter refers to the events across the Arab World, including the Syrian Civil War,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Arab Winter )〕 the Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad )〕 the Egyptian Crisis,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Egypt and Tunisia’s new ‘Arab winter’ )〕 the Libyan Crisis〔http://www.wnd.com/2014/08/libyas-arab-spring-descends-into-islamic-winter/〕 and the Crisis in Yemen.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Yemen’s Arab winter )〕 Events, referred as Arab Winter, have taken place in Egypt that led to the removal of Mohamed Morsi and the seizure of power by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in an anti-Muslim Brotherhood campaign.〔.〕 Political developments, particularly the restoration of authoritarianism and suppression of civil liberties in Egypt since 3 July 2013 have been described as constituting a "military winter" that functioned in opposition to the goals of the Arab Spring. Various militias and tribes have started fighting in Libya after a breakdown in negotiations.〔 The arenas of Lebanon and Bahrain were also identified as areas of the Arab Winter.〔 Libya was put as a scene of the Arab Winter, together with Syria, by Prof. Sean Yom. The Northern Mali conflict was often described as part of the "Islamist Winter".〔"In Mali AQ achieved to infiltrate and take over Tuareg insurgency. If AQ succeeds to keep the Arab Spring countries destabilized, this will lead to a viral reproduction of Azawad scenario. AQ is the "Islamic Winter"." ()〕 Political changes which occurred in Tunisia, involving a change in government, were also indicated by some as a possible "heading towards Arab Winter".〔 According to the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, as of January 2014, the cost of Arab Winter upheaval across the Arab World is some 800 billion USD.〔.〕 Some 16 million people in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey were expected to require humanitarian assistance in 2014.〔 According to the Economist, Malta has "benefited" from the Arab Winter, as tourists who might otherwise be in Egypt or Tunisia opt for a safer alternative.〔''High Wall, Narrow Sea.'' ()〕 The political turmoil and violence in the Middle East and North Africa resulted in massive population displacement in the region.〔''“Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa: Between an Arab Winter and the Arab Spring”''. "In the midst of ongoing uprisings, violence, and political turmoil, widespread population displacement took place as a result of the conflict in Libya, the violence in Syria and upheaval in Yemen. In each of these contexts, the new waves of displacement took place in or to areas already struggling with previous waves, leading to multi-layered and complex crises."()〕 As a result, “boat-people”, including internally displaced persons and asylum-seekers and refugees who had previously been residing in Libya, have headed towards the European Union.〔()〕 The attempts by some Libyans and Tunisians to seek safety from the violence by crossing the Mediterranean sea triggered fears among European politicians and populations of arrivals that might “flood” their shores. This spurred on a flurry of legislative activity and patrolling of the waters to manage arrivals.〔 A further escalation of the crisis took place in early 2015, with the exodus of massive waves of Syrian, Iraqi and Afghan refugees to Europe via Turkey. ==See also== *List of modern conflicts in North Africa *Spillover of the Syrian Civil War 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arab Winter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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